Timothy Hornsby (HF 1961-63) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Politics & Public Services
CBE went straight from Oxford to his Harkness Fellowship in 1961, at Columbia, Harvard, and the Henry E Huntington Library in California , studying 17th-century political theory. His fellowship was extended for a further year, to enable him to take up a post as Assistant Professor of History at Birmingham Southern College. On his return, he returned to his old college at Oxford, Christ Church, as a Research Fellow and Tutor, and then joined the Civil Service where he held a number of senior posts in HM Treasury and the Department of Environment. Subsequently he became Director General of the Nature Conservancy Council, Chief Executive of the Royal Borough of Kingston, and Chief Executive of the National Lottery Charities Board. He now chairs two Boards, and is a non-executive director on four others, concerned with the arts, health care, and helping those at disadvantage.
Last updated: 25th May 2018
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Sir Geoffrey Chipperfield KCB (1962-63) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Higher Education, Politics & Public Services
was already in HM Civil Service when in 1962 he travelled with his wife and 18-month old baby for his Harkness fellowship at the University of California, Berkeley. As a condition of the Fellowship, they spent several months afterwards travelling the states. For a man who at university took his studies extremely seriously and was extraordinarily well read, he got the California bug very quickly and was reputed – by him possibly – to have written the shortest paper in the history of the fellowship on The Role of the City Manager. His tutor Eugene Lee (Professor of Government at UCB) became a lifelong friend, godfather to one of Geoffrey’s children and host to family members visiting over many years. Geoffrey adored California, loved the lifestyle, the big outdoors and that feeling of freshness which had been so extraordinary coming from Britain in those years; although he had spent the war as a child in Canada, so it was not his first north American experience. On his return, he quickly rose in the civil service, becoming PS of the Department of Energy and then PS and CEO of the Property Services Agency. He was appointed KCB in the 1992. After retirement from the civil service, he led a review of the Royal Fines Arts Commission and served on the Boards of South West Water, and the University of Kent. He was also a trustee for the Harkness Fellows Association. Sir Geoffrey died in 2024.
Last updated: 26th June 2025
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Sir Alan Bailey (HF 1963-64) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Politics & Public Services
was working in the Treasury when he applied for a Harkness fellowship in 1963. He had recently been private secretary to Edward Boyle, who had meanwhile left politics and become chair of the Harkness selection board – indeed he knew that his chosen topic, how the American government employed its economists, was one of Edward Boyle’s interests, so that his success may have looked a bit like favouritism. He spent a fascinating year at Harvard and touring the whole United States (with his wife and two small children) – but worked quite hard on his report, which circulated for a time among top Treasury officials. On his return the old-style (pre-Fulton) ‘generalist’ Treasury put him in a pay division “for the good of his soul”, but he was able to use his exposure to early microeconomic theory and cost-benefit analysis in later Treasury postings, and finally as Permanent Secretary in the Department of Transport. He was awarded the KCB for his services in 1986. Since retiring in 1991 he has found various interesting part-time roles, as a non-executive Board member of London Transport and chair of London Transport Buses, and in voluntary organisations including locally in Greenwich, as well as chairing the Harkness Fellows Association in its early years. Sir Alan passed away in April 2023.
Last updated: 25th May 2018
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Baroness Patricia Hollis (HF 1963-64 ) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Higher Education, Politics & Public Services
(1941 to 2018) found that the Harkness Fellowship turned her life around. As her parents had both left school aged 12, she applied to Cambridge (UK) because she had heard of it, along with Oxford and LSE (as a trade unionist, her Dad had heard of Harold Laski!). Patricia got a First in history in 1962, and then a Harkness Fellowship to Berkeley, California to study sociology. Her newly acquired American boyfriend was active in the civil rights movement. They rode buses, picketed segregated restaurants (George Wallace, Alabama, “Turkey dinners 99c and guaranteed no n—–rs.”), and worked on voter registration in Mississippi. She heard Martin Luther King have a dream. After a second year at Columbia, New York, she came back to Nuffield College, Oxford to complete a D.Phil; which (along with her Harkness Fellow late husband, Martin) took them on to jobs at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, in 1967. In 1968 Patricia was elected to the local Council. She went on to become Dean of the School of English and American Studies as well as leader of Norwich City Council in the 1980s. She also served on the Regional health Authority, on English Heritage, the Press Council and as Chair of a local housing association. She is renowned as a successful campaigning politician who did her home work, used statistics to support her case and spoke common sense powerfully. In 1990 she was appointed to the Lords, and from 1997-2005 was Blair’s Lord’s Minister for DSS/DWP. Patricia is survived by two sons, a radio producer for Radio 4 (ex Fulbright); and the current Faber Poetry editor. (Story initially written by Patricia and later updated)
Last updated: 25th May 2018
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André Lévy-Lang (HF 1963 - 65) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Economics, Finance & Business, Science, Technology, Engineering & Maths
was invited with other young Europeans to attend a month long summer seminar, the ‘Salzburg Seminar in American Studies’, some time after graduating from Ecole Polytechnique in 1958. This probably led in 1963 to the Harkness Foundation offering him a fellowship . As he had always been interested in Finance and Economics, he and his wife took this opportunity, and he applied to Stanford to work on a PhD in these fields. After two wonderful years on campus, and back in France after completing his thesis, Andre discovered that his French and American degrees did not open the doors of the French financial establishment of the sixties, so he went back to an engineering career with Schlumberger. In 1974, the right door opened at last and he joined Compagnie Bancaire, a maverick banking group which pioneered modern retail finance in France. He became its CEO in 1982, then in 1990 the CEO of its major shareholder, Banque Paribas, an investment bank. In 1999, they were acquired by BNP to create BNPParibas, still the leading bank in Europe, and he retired. Andre’s third career, since 2000, has been as an advisor or mentor to various boards or executives, a teacher in Finance at Dauphine University and the founder and chairman of a research network, the Institut Louis Bachelier, which channels mostly private funds to over 40 research projects in Finance, Economics, Demography, Energy, Climate and Data, in the main French universities and graduate schools.
Last updated: 19th January 2021
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Tim O’Riordan (HF 1963 - 65) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Politics & Public Services, Science, Technology, Engineering & Maths
OBE DL FBA graduated in Geography from his home town University of Edinburgh. His undergraduate research explored why the small burns of East Lothian dried up every summer removing all of the richly diverse invertebrates. This extermination was due to excessive abstraction for the irrigation of potatoes, unimpeded by the lack of any regulation or pricing. He received a MS in water resources management from Cornell, leaving sufficient time to drive to Berkeley to read natural resources management. Tim returned to Kings College Cambridge where he divided his time between studying the governance of the Norfolk Broads for his PhD and playing classical double bass. He spent seven years in Simon Fraser University in Vancouver and returned to the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia. He served on the Broads Authority for 20 years, sat on the Dow Chemical Sustainability Board, advised Asda and Eastern Electricity, and was a faculty member of the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership. Tim received the awards of Deputy Lieutenant of the County of Norfolk, a Fellowship of the British Academy, and an OBE. He is currently President of CPRE Norfolk and the Norfolk Association of Local Councils where he is actively involved with the localisation of sustainability in the County.
Last updated: 19th January 2021
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Roy Williams (HF 1963-64) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Economics, Finance & Business, Politics & Public Services
CB graduated in 1956 with a degree in economics from Liverpool University and was successful in the Civil Service Administrative Class competition in the same year. He joined the then Ministry of Power and served in Divisions responsible for different nationalised industries. He was awarded a Harkness Fellowship in 1963 which he spent at the University of Chicago and later University of California (Berkeley) researching the American approach to regulating public utilities. In the US these are mostly privately owned in contrast to the UK where at that time, they were in public ownership. On his return to the UK he served as Principal Private Secretary to successive Secretaries if State for Industry, including Tony Benn during the 1975 EEC referendum, and Eric Varley, and then headed the Division responsible for the Post Office and telecommunications. Later, as a Deputy Secretary (Director General), he was responsible for international trade policy, DTI relations with the EEC (now EU) and the creation of the EEC single market. He subsequently moved to take responsibility for industrial policy in DTI, which involved the 1980’s programme of privatising state owned industries. His time in the US studying the American regulatory approach was highly relevant at this time. His last Civil Service post gave him responsibility for regional policy, the promotion of enterprise and innovation and inward investment. He retired in 1993 from when he chaired the European Eureka programme, which is designed to encourage collaboration in R and D between European enterprises, was a member of the Design Council and a Trustee of various Charities, including chairing a charity caring for disabled children. He was made a Companion of the Bath (CB) in 1988.
Last updated: 25th May 2018
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John Dunn (HF 1964-65) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Politics & Public Services
won his Harkness Fellowship to go to Harvard to study the impact of Locke’s political ideas on what was to become the United States.He had lived outside the UK for long periods in childhood and adolescence in Germany and India and for two key summers in 1952 and 1953 in Tehran where his father was military attaché in the Embassy. He has been thinking about politics and the harms it inflicts ever since. He came to King’s College Cambridge as a scholar under force majeure and stayed there with one fleeting interlude ever since. He has been teaching about history and politics there and on other continents for over sixty years, twenty as Professor of Political Theory in the University;and he is doing so still. He is a Fellow of the British academy and a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His Harkness Fellowship showed him the United States from coast to coast (the car an indispensable instrument) at the peak of the civil rights movement but also for the Gulf of Tonkin incident which launched the US’s ruinous encounter with Vietnam. He has now spent four and a half decades largely thinking about democracy and what happens through it across the world and what happens through itand has written numerous books about this. The Fellowship has shaped the rest of his life.
Last updated: 18th July 2025
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Grant Lewison (1964-66) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Science, Technology, Engineering & Maths
spent his fellowship at the University of California, Berkeley after obtaining a PhD in hydrodynamics in Cambridge. However, he probably spent more time on producing a guide to new Cambridge architecture, which sold out, than on hydrodynamics. He continued his interest in modern architecture in California, and managed in his travels around the USA to see and photograph all of Louis Sullivan’s mid-west banks. On his return to England he joined the scientific civil service where he had a varied career including work with the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution on their study into nuclear power. This probably killed off the AEA’s plans for lots of fast reactors. He also developed two schemes to help small firms with their technical problems, one of which (SMART) lasted for many years. He spent four sybaritic years as a so-called expert on research evaluation at the European Commission, where he gradually became one. He left the Civil Service in 1993 and joined the Wellcome Trust to develop their bibliometric activity. Later he formed a small consultancy, and since 2014 has been a Senior Research Fellow at King’s College London working on cancer policy. His CFF provided an excellent springboard for a career as a jack of all trades (or at least most of them).
Last updated: 10th July 2025
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Professor David Lodge (HF 1964-65) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Higher Education, Humanities
CBE, author and literary critic, graduated from University College London with a BA in 1955, followed (after National Service in the Army) by an MA in 1959. Awarded a Harkness Fellowship in 1964, he went with his family to the United States where he attended Brown University to study American Literature and then travelled across America to California. He described the experience in his memoir Quite A Good Time To be Born (2015) as “an annus mirabilis”. David Lodge is Emeritus Professor of English Literature at the University of Birmingham where he taught from 1960 to 1987, and still lives in that city. He was a Visiting Associate Professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1969 and Henfield Creative Writing Fellow at the University of East Anglia in 1977. His time in academia gave him a rich source of inspiration for a series of novels which satirize university life, two of which, Small World (1984) and Nice Work (1988) were shortlisted for the Booker Prize. Another major theme in his fiction is Roman Catholicism. How Far Can You Go?(1980) published in the USA as Souls & Bodies, follows the lives of a group of English Catholics through a period of upheaval in the Church. He has also written television screenplays and stage plays and a number of distinguished books of criticism, including The Modes of Modern Writing (1977) and Consciousness and the Novel (2002). David holds several honorary degrees and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a Chevalier dans l’Ordre des Arts and des Letters. He was appointed CBE in 1998 for services to literature.(David passed away in January 2025)
Last updated: 25th May 2018
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Sir Colin Blakemore (HF 1965-67) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Health & Social Care, Higher Education, Science, Technology, Engineering & Maths
, after studying medical sciences at Cambridge, won a Harkness Fellowship to go to the University of California at Berkeley, where he worked with Horace Barlow, a leading British neurophysiologist. What was meant to be a single year turned into just over 2 years and a PhD; and it changed the direction of Colin’s career. He gave up clinical medicine and returned to teach at Cambridge. He has worked on many aspects of vision and brain development, and was one of the first to demonstrate the importance of ‘plasticity’ in the brain. In 1979, he moved to the Waynflete Chair of Physiology in Oxford, where he also directed the Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience. From 2003-7 he was Chief Executive of the Medical Research Council, and in 2012 he moved to a personal Professorship in the School of Advanced Study, University of London, where he collaborates with art historians and artists, including David Hockney and Patrick Hughes, in research on visual perception. He has 10 honorary degrees and is a member of 12 academies, including the Royal Society, the Academy of Medical Sciences and Academia Europaea. In 2014 he was knighted for service to scientific research, policy and outreach. He was the youngest person to give the BBC Reith Lectures. He has given the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, he has made nearly 1,000 broadcasts (including a 13-part series for BBC television), and he writes for national and international media. (This was written in 2018. Sir Colin passed away in June 2022) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Blakemore
Last updated: 25th May 2018
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Edgar Anderson (HF 1966-68) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Higher Education, Science, Technology, Engineering & Maths
is a Scot (B.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc., Glasgow University) who was a Salters’ Fellow at the University of Strasbourg when he applied for a Harkness Fellowship. He worked at the Gates and Crellin Laboratories of Chemistry at California Institute of Technology, ‘CalTech’, Pasadena, Southern California on ‘The Conformational Dynamics of Simple Organic Molecules using NMR Spectroscopy’. He continued in this same broad field on his return to Britain as successively, a Ramsay Fellow, a Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Reader and finally Professor of Organic Chemistry at University College London. He retired in 2005 having published over 120 papers in leading Chemical Journals, and has a Hirsch Index of 32. He was the Crabtree Orator in 2007 and President of the Crabtree Foundation in 2017-8. He met Eleanor Colwell, a Canadian on a short visit to Caltech, towards the end of his time there. They were married in 1970 and have lived in the same house in Rickmansworth since that time. They have two daughters and three grandchildren.
Last updated: 25th May 2018
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Christopher Beauman (HF 1966-68) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Economics, Finance & Business, International Affairs, Politics & Public Services
enjoyed a Harkness Fellowship from 1966 to 1968, first in Washington DC at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Affairs (SAIS) and then in New York at Columbia University (department of Economics). He had initially planned to go into the Foreign Office, but by 1968 (and after the 1967 Devaluation) decided to pursue a career in merchant banking. He started at Hill Samuel (Issues and Mergers), but was headhunted by a smaller merchant bank, Guinness Mahon, then chaired by Sir Charles Villers (previously CEO of the Industrial Reorganisation Corporation). When Villiers was appointed Chairman of British Steel, Beauman joined him there, with a wide-ranging brief, including Strategy and relations with the Government, during a period of major restructuring. From 1981 to 1983 Beauman worked in the Central Policy Review Staff, Cabinet Office, on nationalised industry policy and pensions. He then joined Morgan Grenfell, in a series of roles, culminating in becoming Director Planning and coordinating the sake of the bank to Deutsche Bank. In 1991 he became a founder member of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, focusing on industrial restructuring and the steel industry. From the mid 1990s he became the Bank’s steel consultant, with major projects in Poland, Romania, Russia and Kazakhstan. He was also active at LSE, especially through the Grantham Research Institute on climate change.
Last updated: 11th November 2024
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Malcolm Dean (HF 1966-68) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Journalism, Broadcast, Films & TV, Politics & Public Services
was no stranger to employment and travel when he started his Harkness Fellowship. He was trained as a journalist by Kemsley weekly newspapers for four years, and spent a further three working his way around the world reporting in Canada, the West Indies, Australia, and South East Asia. On his return in 1964, he joined Reuters before taking up a fellowship at Ruskin College, Oxford. The first year of his Harkness Fellowship was in Chicago, the second working in Congress as a speechwriter to a senator and then a congressman. Joining the Guardian in 1969, he worked his way up from roving reporter to social affairs leader-writer and then associate editor. He launched the paper’s hugely successful weekly Society section in 1979, which he edited for most of its 21 years, covering all aspects of social policy. He was a special adviser to the Secretary of State for Health and Social Security in the last year of the 1974-79 Labour government, served on more than a dozen national social policy working parties, chaired a Joseph Rowntree Foundation commission on older people, and was a trustee of six charities, including a founding trustee of the Young Foundation Malcolm retired from the Guardian in 2006 to take up a fellowship at Nuffield College, Oxford, for 11 years. He spent the first two years researching and writing his book ‘Democracy under Attack: How the Media Distort Policy and Politics’.
Last updated: 8th February 2022
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Peter Fells (HF 1966-67) 1960s, All Harkness Stories
FRCS.FRColOphth. My expected route after qualifying in Medicine would have been house man, registrar, consultant but a visiting neurologist advised working in USA first. I applied for and gained a HF for my wife and 2 children aged 3 1/2 years and just 1 year old to travel. We sailed on the Queen Mary on Sept 3rd, met Martha English in New York who found local accommodation. I worked with Dr R S Jampel in Columbia University on cranial nerves that supply muscles that move the eyes. I planned that we would visit the major eye department in each state. At the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota every patient sees each doctor who does one test on them. I taught them that eosine and amethocaine can be mixed first before being used to check for glaucoma.
Last updated: 3rd June 2024
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Professor Christopher Kendall (HF 1966 - 68) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Economics, Finance & Business, Higher Education, Science, Technology, Engineering & Maths
studied in Austin, Texas. Some 400 applied for Harkness Fellowships that year, and he was among the 40 who were selected for interviews for 25 Fellowships. Knowing the names of the committee he identified their professions and prepared for the interview by guessing at the style of questions he might be asked. He recalls that the committee faced him centred around the chairman across a long oak table. Chris was on an isolated single chair opposite, and on the table in front of him was a slip of paper with the names of those facing him. When questioned, his fingers and eyes on the paper, he knew the questioner, and framed his answers accordingly. The interview became a competition among some of the committee members to ask the best questions. His tactics, recognized by the committee, led them to enjoy challenging him. For example one of them proposed that as a geologist he might prefer a map on his wall but he replied, “No, I would prefer a Goya”. The committee then spent time discussing a current exhibition of Goya. He was accepted as a Fellow and spent his two-year Postdoctoral Fellowship at UT Texas working with Prof. Folk on the Geology of West Texas. For details of the remainder of his eclectic career in academia and the oil industry as a geologist; see here.
Last updated: 20th September 2021
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Nicholas Falk (HF 1967-69) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Creative Arts, Design & Architecture, Economics, Finance & Business, International Affairs
worked on product development for Ford to learn about successful multi-national companies, after doing PPE at Oxford. His thought that there must be better management techniques to explain why the UK economy lagged behind the USA, took him to Stanford Business School in California. However, he found it was the culture that explained business success at the expense of hollowing out of cities. Actively involved in student politics, he helped the spin off of Stanford Research Institute from the university to cut links with the Defence Department. Returning with an MBA, he spent three years at McKinsey. This was followed by a doctorate at the London School of Economics on how towns and cities develop; an action research project in Rotherhithe in London’s Docklands, tested out ideas for reusing old industrial buildings inspired by what he had seen in San Francisco. Always keen to link academic research to practical applications, in 1976 he founded URBED (Urban and Economic Development), which offers practical solutions to urban regeneration and local economic development. He recently published a report on the application of smart city principles to London. In 2014 URBED won the Wolfson Economics Prize for showing how to build garden cities that were visionary, viable and popular. He is currently focusing on two projects: Oxford Futures on how to double the size of the city maintaining its position as a knowledge hub and applying ‘smarter urbanisation’ principles to the growth of medium sized cities in Tamil Nadu, India.
Last updated: 25th May 2018
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Nigel Hall (HF 1967-69) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Creative Arts, Design & Architecture
RA was in his final year at the Royal College of Art when he successfully applied for a Harkness Fellowship. Interested in American art and deserts, he wanted to be based in a city relatively close to Mojave Desert. His fellowship to study sculpture took him to LA (1967-69), and although formally connected to UCLA, he spent much of his time based in his studio in East LA, having driven across the country from New York. In fact, the first time he went to UCLA was for the exhibition of British painting and sculpture held at their gallery, in which he participated. During his time in LA he held a solo show at the Nicholas Wilder Gallery. This lead directly to further exhibitions at Robert Elkon Gallery in New York, a gallery in Germany and his first London gallery which was interested in West Coast artists. On his return to UK, he set up a studio in London and started teaching part-time at the Royal College of Art, later becoming principal lecturer in charge of MA sculpture at Chelsea School of Art. He has held numerous solo exhibitions in Europe, America, Asia and Australia and his work, both sculpture and drawings is held by many public collections around the world including the Tate in London, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Australian National Gallery in Canberra, the Nationalgalerie in Berlin, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum and many more. He was elected to the Royal Academy in 2003 and awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of the Arts London in 2017.
Last updated: 25th May 2018
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Nicholas Barton (HF 1968-70) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Health & Social Care, Humanities
(1935 – 2023) was born in London and evacuated in WWII to Lincolnshire, staying at the station-master’s house near the Lancaster bomber base where his father was posted. He went to school at Westminster, where he coxed the school Eight, and in 1953 went to Cambridge to study medicine at Pembroke. As a young doctor in London Nicholas met his wife Margaret, who later described him as “a walking encyclopaedia, with boundless curiosity, who reads constantly”. In 1960 he wrote a book called “The Lost Rivers Of London” https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1751730.The_Lost_Rivers_of_London which is still considered the definitive history of London’s rivers. In 1968 Nicholas took his young family to Los Angeles on his HF fellowship, studying orthopaedics. He became a consultant in Nottingham in 1971, where he and Margaret brought up their five children. Specialising in hand surgery, his written output was prodigious: over a hundred publications, and seminal books on fractures of the hand and the scaphoid bone. He became Chairman of the British Orthopaedic Association’s Education Committee; President of the British Society for Surgery of the Hand; and Editor of the Journal of Hand Surgery. He delivered prestigious medical lectures such as the Hunterian, the Bradford Eaton, and the Pulvertaft. Much in demand as a speaker on hand surgery at international conferences, he wrote detailed accounts of these trips: 60 diaries covering 2000 pages. His twenty-five years in retirement were spent with his favourite things: his books and his wife.
Last updated: 22nd January 2024
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John Wiggins CMG (HF 1969-71) 1960s, All Harkness Stories, Economics, Finance & Business, Politics & Public Services
read classics and history at Oxford before joining HM Treasury in 1961. Involvement in an intended reform of social security (aborted by the result of the 1970 election) sharpened his interest in the impact of macro-economic policy on the development of society. At Harvard he acquired an academic background in different aspects of economic policy as well as in econometrics and statistics. Back in the Treasury he spent most of the 1970s on taxation and monetary policy, and was Principal Private Secretary to the Chancellor (1980-81). He was Head of the Oil Division at the Department of energy (1982-84) and in the Cabinet Secretariat (1985-86). Since he was known to be sceptical about management of the economy by reference to monetary statistics, and thus ineligible for senior posts in the Thatcherite Treasury, he moved to the Department of Education where he was Deputy Secretary until 1992. Thereafter he was the British Member of the European Court of Auditors until end-2001, where he pioneered the annual report on EU accounts required by the Maastricht Treaty. While his Harkness experience was probably bad for his position in the Treasury, his experience in the UK and EU public services, combined with his MPA from Harvard, qualified him to undertake public finance reviews for the World Bank and the European Commission in more than 20 countries since 2002. With his wife Jenny he has continued to go mountaineering and skiing, tastes he acquired travelling around the US during his Harkness years.
Last updated: 5th December 2023
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